What is Advaita Vedanta? Experience and Knowledge

What is Advaita Vedanta? – Experience and Knowledge by James Swartz is a short but well written and compact guide to Advaita Vedanta and non-duality from 2003. From the book:
“The Upanishads, the source of Vedanta, say that before this creation was, the self, limitless being, was. It further says that this self continues to exist outside of time and is therefore eternal. And it states that no action one can perform will ‘gain’3 this self, even though it is an ever-present reality… because actions are limited while the self is unlimited. Therefore it is at odds with Yoga on this issue. Vedanta presents the discovery that one is the limitless self as liberation or enlightenment.”

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What is Advaita Vedanta?

Exploring Advaita Vedanta: An In-Depth Look into Non-Dualistic Philosophy in Hinduism

Unraveling Unity in Diversity: Understanding the Profound Teachings of Advaita Vedanta

In the tapestry of Hindu philosophy, Advaita Vedanta emerges as a prominent school of thought, central to understanding the complex interplay between self (Atman) and the universal reality (Brahman). This article delves into Advaita Vedanta, exploring its origins, foundational texts, key philosophical tenets, and its enduring impact on contemporary spiritual practices.

Historical Underpinnings: Origins and Evolution

Advaita Vedanta, with “Advaita” meaning ‘non-dual’, and “Vedanta” referring to the ‘end of knowledge’, harkens back to the Upanishadic era. The roots of this philosophy are often accredited to the ancient sages who introspected on the Vedas’ cryptic teachings, particularly the latter part (Upanishads). However, it was Adi Shankaracharya (8th century CE), who systematized and revitalized Advaita Vedanta, emphasizing its stand on the non-dual nature of reality and critiquing the dualistic interpretations prevalent in his time.

Canonical Texts: Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, and Bhagavad Gita

The triad of Prasthanatrayi, consisting of the Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, and Bhagavad Gita, forms the scriptural foundation of Advaita Vedanta. These texts collectively dissect complex metaphysical concepts, human existence, and the ultimate reality (Brahman). Adi Shankaracharya’s prolific commentaries on these texts further illuminate Advaita Vedanta’s standpoint, guiding seekers through intricate philosophical mazes.

Core Philosophy: The Non-Dualism of Atman and Brahman

At the heart of Advaita Vedanta is the compelling proclamation, “Brahma Satyam Jagat Mithya, Jivo Brahmaiva Na Aparah” (Brahman is the only truth, the world is illusory, and there is ultimately no difference between Brahman and the individual self). This philosophy negates dualism, declaring that the true, indistinguishable essence of every being is Brahman, often misperceived due to Maya (illusion).

1. Brahman: In Advaita Vedanta, Brahman is the ineffable, formless, eternal truth that doesn’t partake in the physical attributes of reality. It’s the supreme existence or ultimate reality transcending time, space, and causation.
2. Atman: Analogous to the concept of soul in Western theology, Atman refers to the self or individual consciousness. Advaita Vedanta postulates that a person’s truest essence isn’t the body or the mind, but the Atman – pure consciousness.
3. Maya: This principle theorizes the powerful illusion that crafts the physical world, leading to a misinterpretation of Brahman as the observable universe. It’s through Maya that one perceives differentiation and duality in the world, fostering ignorance (Avidya).
4. Moksha (Liberation): This ultimate goal in Hinduism refers to the dissolution of individual consciousness or the false sense of ‘I’. It’s the realization of the unity of Atman and Brahman, the experience of absolute bliss and knowledge.

Contemporary Implications: Advaita Vedanta in Modern Spirituality

Advaita Vedanta continues to resonate in contemporary society, shaping spiritual practices and philosophical understandings globally. Its non-dualistic framework influences interfaith dialogues, eco-spirituality, and the holistic health movement. By proposing a unified field of existence, it provides a spiritual counterpoint to the divisiveness pervading various life aspects, promoting peace, inclusiveness, and a deeper understanding of consciousness.

Conclusion: The Universal Appeal of Advaita Vedanta

Advaita Vedanta, transcending religious and cultural barriers, invites introspection on the fundamental nature of our existence. It challenges us to transcend superficial distinctions, recognize the underlying unity of all life, and perhaps, in the process, redefine our understanding of reality itself. Through its profound, timeless wisdom, Advaita Vedanta offers a sanctuary of peace and clarity in an increasingly fragmented world.